Business Law Assignment Essay

The main point for consideration in this situation is whether the initial agreement between Packard and Hewlett constitutes as a contract that has a legal relationship, and if so, is Hewlett within his rights to void the established contract and sell the laptop to the offeror with a higher price. The General Principle of Law here would imply here that Hewlett and Packard, are in a contract due to consensus ad idem, in that a meeting of minds must be between the two parties to be counted as a contract (Don Mayer, 2011). This contract is enforceable as the following factors are present: 1)Offer: Hewlett had made a bilateral offer to his classmates to sell his laptop at $800/-. This is an offer as the offeror had indicated his intention to sell his laptop to any member of his class at $800. 2)Acceptance: Packard had clearly communicated his unconditional acceptance of his offer, thereby closing the offer. 3)Consideration and Legal Relations: Consideration under the Law is defined as â€Å"some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forbearance detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other† Currie v Misa (1875) (InBrief: Free Legal Information, 2014). Hewlett promised to do the transaction of the laptop tomorrow after he transferred his data in the laptop and Packard agreed. This is executory consideration and shows that due consideration has been done on the part of the promisee. Legal relations are thus also created. They are thus in a legally binding contract and either party can sue should there be a breach. Hewlett is not able to revoke his offer once accepted even if someone were to offer him a higher price for the laptop. However, Hewlett sold his laptop to Compac for $1000, discharging his contract with Packard by Breach. Hewlett has by his own act disabled himself from performing the contract and Packard can thus bring action against him for the Breach of Contract. The Principle guiding this was established in Synge v Synge (1894). Recommendation and Conclusion In conclusion, Packard is able to bring action against Hewlett for selling the laptop to Compac even after an initial contract was established with Packard. He is able to sue under Discharge of Contract by Breach and the Court will likely move possession of the laptop back to Packard after Packard pays Hewlett the $800 as agreed. Hewlett will also have to refund Compac his $1000.

Bible Mysteries

The Disciples is an episode part of the Bible Mysteries is very interesting and informative video clips that I have been watched. It showed how Jesus influenced others through his thoughts and being a good leader to his followers. Through his good quality, the people of the Galilee believed to his teaching and valuable effort and faith that attracted by the disciples to Jesus Another value that attract them to Jesus is that He can heal anything but for Jesus we don’t need to be sick because god can heal us, if we have faith for him which are the key to receive the healing from god. The disciples also attract to Jesus by helping others without anything to receive in return, he already contented to see happy image of a person. Through this video presentation, it really affects me because it reveals the fulfillment that has in Jesus, providing grace to his followers that if you believed with him through our faith we can reach the glory of god. Through the movie, the disciples are like me who am very devotee of god. I believe the presence of god will always be in my heart if we believe with him and have a strong faith to consider his grace. God commanded us if we choose to follow him like he did to the disciples. Jesus is just like our teacher. He serves himself and teaches us to do good action and blessing will come if we put his teachings into practice. For me, God is the greatest servant in our universe. He always there to sustain everything we depend on for our lives. In this video, I would like to be god who’s giving all his self to help others without anything to receive in return maybe in a simple way of helping, I would be able to live closer to him through my mission to help others especially those person who in needs such young kids who doesn’t have the ability to go in school, through volunteering, I will ease the burden in their heart and in a simple way of helping it can help a big chance to the kids to learn new things like what Jesus did in his mission. God is spiritual hero who always there for us, we must have to believe and have faith with him.

Learning Biography about Clinical Oncology Essay

Learning Biography about Clinical Oncology - Essay Example In order to meet the goals and objectives of clinical solutions, Brookfield (2005) argues that there is a dire need to instill change in the field of Oncology; both in terms of the work force change and techniques of handling various clinical trials. For a total transformation of the field of Clinical Oncology, it is important that the training programs are improved. In the current form of training, there is a great niche in the number of programs that are comprehensive in terms of methods of instruction in molecular and clinical oncology. In response, it is mandatory that novel approaches are applied in this field. For teaching and learning to be productive in the field of Clinical Oncology, there is a need to have a supple curriculum that allows for teaching methodologies that are all inclusive in terms of research and teaching in Clinical Oncology. Analysts propose novel teaching approaches like one-on- one teaching, e-learning so as to have flexibility and incorporate all learner s in the teaching and learning process. In the study of Clinical Oncology, various adult learning theories are applied. Among the theories of adult learning include; Andragogy. This model of adult learning theory motivates learners of Clinical Oncology in that; the model self directs learners towards their own learning. Ames and Ames (2000) argue that, in this model, learners govern the way in which they gain knowledge of and grasp concepts in the particular fields of study. Through, this model learners are in a position to grasp concepts in life, that allow them dictate their own means of learning (Edwards, 2005). In the field of Clinical Oncology it is important that learners grasp concepts that direct their own forms of learning. In Clinical Oncology, it is expected, that learners are well motivated and exposed to forms of learning that direct their own life experiences. Andragogy is linked to the ability to allow learners solve problems that they may face in their respective fie lds of learning. In this context, therefore, learners are in a position to discern the necessary skills required of them during the field of medical oncologists. Andragogy is directed towards solving problems rather than inculcating theoretical skills in the learners (Reynolds and Vince, 2007). In line to this argument, learners are subjected towards learning of concepts that relate medical oncology on a practical angle. It is important that learners in this field are exposed to practical aspects of learning concepts. For the Andragogy theory to be applied in the learning setting, it is important that learners are exposed to the concepts that are relevant to their areas of specialization. Analysts argue that adult learners must have a one on one contact with the contents of instruction. Statistics also indicate that, adult learners must be involved in the planning of their modes and contents of instruction. In the field, of Clinical Oncology, adult learners must be exposed to admini stration of therapy to individuals; for instance, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy amongst others. Andragogy allows for this practical view of adult learning in the field of Clinical Oncology. Learners are given an opportunity to learn through mistakes as well as experience in Clinical Oncology. Practically, learners are given prior introduction on how to deal with patients. First, learners are allowed to review

Analysis of Macadamia Nut Asian Market Expansion Essay

Analysis of Macadamia Nut Asian Market Expansion - Essay Example I would like to thank the scholars in this field whose works I had to access in order to complete the report. The report was useful in honing my research skills which will surely come to my use in future research reports. The report in the following pages tries to analyze the two market s of India and China to understand which the market that the company can use to step or mark its entry into the Asian market. After going through the detailed analysis it is found that China would be better to use as a stepping stone into the Asian market. This is because of the fact that china’s demographics and the market conditions would support the move. Recommendation is also put forward those bases on how to enter the Chinese market. The present report deals with a major export industry of Australia. The macadamia nut is the chosen industry for this particular project. The particular nut is a representative of the essence of Australia. The nut which represents the soil, climate and seasons of Australia has become a global success story. People all over the world adore this particular produce of Australia which is incomparable in taste, texture and the health benefits that this nut provides. Another thing that contributes to the success of the product is the commitment and dedication that is put into the production of the nut by the farmers or growers of Australia. The total trade value of the nut industry is expect6ed to touch the levels of $1 billion by the end of this year. The export earnings from the nut sales are expected to double over the next 10 years. In light of this fact the Suncoast Gold Macadamias (Aust) limited which is one of the largest producers of Macademia nuts and the seller of the nut and pr oducts that are derived from the nuts. The company wants to expand its business in the Asian market. The target countries that the company has chosen for the entry into the Asian market the two countries of India and Africa.

Food chain security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Food chain security - Essay Example concerns related to food products especially during the 1990s mandated the European Union and other nations around the globe to review their policies regarding food safety and finding means in protecting consumers against contaminated food products (Newcomb, 2013, 43). During the year of 2001, the European Union prepared a paper on food safety as framework for the new legal basis for the production of suitable food and animal feed production plus food safety control measures. The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an organization mandated to developing internal guidelines, standards, and recommendations that are meant to reducing risks associated with food contaminations. The Codex Alimentarius established a risk analysis, the HACCP and the approach of the integrated food chain. The paradigm of the food analysis includes risk management and assessment. The risk communication has also been included as the universal principles in the European Union regulations and they are the ones which forms the legal basis of the food safety systems in EU member countries (FAO, 2012). Many people around the world today, including scholars have been concerned on the negative effects of unsafe food on human health. A lot more have begun to explore the issue from a range of perspectives such as crisis management, food safety, state responsibility and so on (Charles, et al n.d, 2). . This paper discusses how the principles of risk analysis and food safety management can be applied to ensure food safety in the food chain. We will evaluate various principles such as HACCP, BCP and Traceability and Recall Management as measure that ensure food safety in food chains. Risk management remains a major concern for governments and food processors in protecting their consumers against harmful food products. Although Risk management may be based on both scientific evidence and risk evaluation, other areas of food production such as environmental protection and animal warfare could be

Employment laws for business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employment laws for business - Case Study Example 2. In this situation Alvin does not have a strong claim for age discrimination. The police department prefers to utilize younger officers. This is for the safety of other officers as well as the safety of the general public. Moreover, the department does not require Alvin to retire. However, many employees choose to retire at the age of 50 this is no where stated as a requirement. Although Alvin's job description has changed he was given a suitable replacement. In addition Alvin was not asked to take a pay cut or work other hours. Although Alvin may not be satisfied with this new position it is in the best interest for society. 3. Carter does not have a claim for age discrimination based upon the facts given. The company needed to lay off employees due to economic downfalls. Layoffs during poor economic times are often an option utilized by employers. Unfortunately there is nothing the company can do in regard to the economic situation. Carter will be eligible for unemployment as the company has not debated this claim. Moreover, Alvin has only been with the company two years.

Stock Exchange, Railways and Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stock Exchange, Railways and Company Law - Essay Example The liability of the investors that have provided funds for the company is limited to these funds. Managers are elected to protect shareholders' interests and their main task is to increase their wealth with employees being a functional daily segment of this task. Big joint stock companies usually trade their shares to the public and thus the ownership and distribution of the benefits of the company can change over time. The fist joint stock companies occurred in the UK and in Europe and mainly dealt with trade. At the beginning of 19th Century the UK corporate law had no clear statement of whether corporation was a private or public person as the majority of the shares within such companies were held by private individuals and not by the state. US had experienced at this time some court cases which lead to the decision that identification of the separate corporate personality must be cleared. Industrial revolution has lead to enormous capital accumulation which was a very favorable field for development of joint stock companies which at the beginning of the nineteenth century in the UK industry prevailed in the sectors of insurance, utilities, transportation and shipping2 and were legally viewed as partnerships and not as corporations. The major faults within such a legal entity were the "inability to sue and be sued using a joint name, the lack of power to proceed in common law against one partner , the fact that one partner could bind the whole against their will, the difficulty of getting rid of an unwanted partner, and generally the ease of fraud amongst partners"3. Liverpool's bill after numerous debates made the metal joint stock companies present annual report on their actions to the House of Parliament. Shares were then personal property selling of which was a formal transaction and only after 1815 more than 140 company shares were quoted on stock exchange which increased the need for legalization of such trade and has lead to rising sues. Some scholars argue that some sort of limited liability which is now one of the joint stock company features, already existed in the late seventeenth century as shareholders could not be arrested for their debt and be subject to bankruptcy charges, and the shareholders were not liable by personal possessions for the debt of the company. This may have lead to promoting incorporating of businessmen and unincorporated companies were in disadvantage comparing to the former. The law of the early eighteenth century was more tolerant to creditors rather than debtors as the latter could be put into prison for minor debt and thus people who made up the incorporated company were as the legal body of the company themselves. Only in the middle of the 19th century the reform had brought the corporate personality separation where the persons within incorporated companies were different from the joint stock venture entity, while investors within unincorporated company were as one. This difference c an be seen even from the referral to such companies in the press and literature, where until the middle of the nineteenth century incorporated and unincorporated companies were both referred to as "they". From the middle of the

Terri Schiavo Court Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terri Schiavo Court Cases - Essay Example Many argue that it might have been, but then there were many arguments in this case. Not all of them were ethical or logical, and not all of them played out in court. The story of Terri Schiavo is so much more tragic than people stop to realize. When a situation is so easily preventable, how does it get so terribly out of hand, and how are even the most basic decisions of care handled? The bottom line, Terri Schiavo should have been alive today, and possibly even alive and well. Terri Schiavo suffered a cardiac arrest due to an eating disorder on February 25th, 1990. She was without oxygen for several minutes and then lapsed into a coma. Her coma then evolved into a Permanent Vegetative State. For fifteen years, she remained in that state, until her feeding tube was finally removed for the last time on March 18th, 2005. She died thirteen days later, ending a fifteen year battle with so many players, and yet so few concrete, satisfactory, answers (Quill, 2005). Terri Schiavo was in a Permanently Vegetative State, also known as PVS. While experts tried to argue that she was in a Minimally Conscious State (MCS), at her autopsy, it was confirmed that she had been in a PVS. The difference between the two conditions is slight. Those patients who are in a PVS are unaware of self and environment; they may make gestures, sounds, and eye movements. These behavior, however are involuntary. People in a MCS are aware of self and environment, but can only express it so much. They cannot speak, but their gestures, eye movements, and vocalizations are a deliberate attempt to communicate with those around them (Winslade, 2007). While Schiavo’s state was considered irreversible, there is much more that may have been learned from her had she survived. Studies have shown that some patients in a PVS can regain some level of consciousness. Some may live for decades in a PVS and begin to recover some consciousness. Simply put, it really is impossible to say

Inventory Management Essay Example for Free

Inventory Management Essay Inventory is the quantity or total amount of goods and materials in a store or factory for some immediate or some future use. The reasons for holding more than adequate stocks of inventory would be 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to keep business operations running and to meet current orders 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to meet unforeseen demand and to effectively meet customer orders 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to take care of the lead time , ie , the time gap between ordering the stores and   receiving them and place orders accordingly 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to use as a hedge against price increases and inflation and control losses 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to even out erratic demand requirements. Inventory control or inventory management is an attempt to maintain an adequate supply of goods while minimizing inventory costs resulting from obtaining and holding inventory with the purpose of providing information to â€Å"efficiently manage the flow of materials, effectively utilize people and equipment, coordinate internal activities and communicate with the customers.†Ã‚   .   Some of the terminologies related to inventory management are EOQ-Economic Order Quantity   or how much to order SAFETY STOCKS- how much inventory to hold on hand REORDER LEVEL – the minimum levels of stocks at which new order for stocks is to be placed. Visual control –enables the manager to examine the inventory visually and determine if more inventory is required. Tickler control -enables the manager to physically count a small portion of the inventory each day so as to cover the entire range of inventory regularly over several days. Click sheet control is a method whereby the manager records the item as it is used on a sheet of paper. This information is used while determining the reorder levels.   Stub control (used by retailers) enables the manager to retain a portion of the price ticket when the item is sold. The manager can then use the stub to record the item. Point-of-sale terminals relay information on each item used or sold. The manager receives information printouts at regular intervals for review and action. Off-line point-of-sale terminals relay information directly to the suppliers computer who uses the information to ship additional items automatically to the buyer/inventory manager. The final method for inventory control is done by an outside agency. A manufacturers representative visits the large retailer on a scheduled basis, takes the stock count and writes the reorder. Unwanted merchandise is removed from stock and returned to the manufacturer through a predetermined, authorized procedure.

Organizational Theory and The Heart of Change Essay Example for Free

Organizational Theory and The Heart of Change Essay The book The Heart of Change shows the practical side of the theories that are taught in the course textbook. It presents stories of successes and failures based in the application of concepts discussed in Organizational Behavior and Management and in class. Although we talked about several different concepts the ones that are evident in the examples in The Heart Of Change are the more progressive and individual centered approaches. The leadership characteristics that are important to successful change in an organization are those that are espoused in the transformational theory of management. It makes sense that ideals in line with the transformational management theory would be evident in a book about how to bring about positive change in an organization. Discussion A transformational leader essentially is about growth through change, about challenging the status quo, and staff to grow and perform it is about empowerment and all of those things are important in regards to the approach put forth in The Heart Of Change. A key theme in The Heart Of Change is that change is not brought about by statistical analysis or common sense, but it comes after changing the way that people feel about an issue. It is about connecting with the individual and bringing about an emotive response that motivates a change in behavior. And that is in line with one of the focal traits of a transformational leader. They are visionary leaders who focus who create the mission, focus and goals for the organization. Their approach to leadership is centered around the individual. This is important because for a leader to effectively implement change based The Heart Of Change they would have to be aware of they motivational factors of their employees so they know how do best address the intrinsic needs to change the attitudes of employees. The Heart Of Change shows that change does not happen simply by instituting different systems, but that people are the  force that ultimately determines how well an organization adapts change. That also relates to the leadership style of the transformational leader. They focus on the people as the key elements to bring change to an organization. Group Emotional Intelligence is a topic that we discussed in class that is essential to the type of change discussed in The Heart Of Change. The second stage of change is about putting together a team that is able drive the company towards its specific goal in regards to instituting change. There needs to be a strong force pushing the change and keeping the urgency up. It is understandably to much for on person to handle so there needs to be a team of interested, motivated people to act as that driving force. The three ideas of trust, sense of group identity, and group efficacy are essential to group effectiveness. The group that is at the forefront of the change action in an organization needs to exhibit a high EI. Not only because they need to be efficient, but because they are a model for the rest of the organization. This again relates to the character traits of the transformational leadership theory. Being a role model, showing others behaviors to emulate are what transformational leaders do, and this is what the change guiding group does as described in The Heart Of Change. Empowerment is an issue that is imperative to the change process. We touched on the idea of empowerment while exploring power, and politics in the workplace. Empowerment is important in regards to The Heart Of Change, because it is also about ownership. For change to be effective it takes an entire organization to believe in the change process. Through empowerment of the staff in the change process you are creating a sense of ownership for them in the process of change. Once they feel like they are an important part of the process it creates a sense of pride in their part of the process. In the workplace a sense of pride usually leads to a commitment to excellence in working towards the goals of the organization. Again this is a trait of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders encourage their teams and staff to be innovative, creative and encourage them to take risks. Empowerment is a tool, which is used to elicit the abovementioned traits in the staff, and drives the c hange. Organizational socialization is the way values; abilities, expected behaviors, and social knowledge of a organization are shared. It is based on creating an uniformity in mission, beliefs and actions. Socialization, in regards to the organizational change does not seem that it is an important issue in regards to affecting change in an organization. However, it is an integral part in sustaining any positive gains that have come from organizational change. After any sort of change occurs it must be accompanied with a change in the formal and informal socialization procedures to ensure they reflect the new organizational structure and culture. Effective socialization is imperative to ensure the change is long lasting. Updating Standard Operating Procedures for existing staff, as well as orientation procedures should reinforce the new changes for current staff, and introduce them to the new staff. Changing a system in simple. Sustaining a new culture and behavior in the workplace is difficult. People tend to revert to what is comfortable to them. In organizations that are in the process of implementing change is systems or culture, new people to the organization are the easiest to accept and adapt to the new changes. A new active socialization procedure needs to be adopted to address the veterans in the organization. They are the group that will be more apt to fall into old habits. Communication in the workplace is key to change, and is a theme that is throughout The Heart Of Change. Communication is important throughout several different stages of the change process as described in The Heart Of Change. There is a chapter in The Heart Of Change where they concentrate on communication of the vision and goals to the organization as a whole to motivate the members to buy into the vision. However, communication is very important during the first stage of change. In this stage the message communicated is the catalyst that will inspire the rest of organization to want to change. The communication should be tailored to evoke an emotional response, to motivate staff. The message can be we need to change, but the delivery of the message is has much to do its effectiveness. Also communication is important in the socialization aspect of sustaining  change. Within an organization communication comes in different forms. Procedures and rules are in the employee handbook, emails and memos. The culture of a workplace is transmitted through symbols and actions. The latter of the aforementioned communication is difficult and requires more effort to see that it is carried out in a manner that supports the organizational change. If there is a specific message, and vision that is to resonate with people and motivate them, all the actions of the leaders in the in the organization should reflect the message. Conclusion Change is a difficult process for an individual, but for an organization the difficulty grows exponentially. For an organization to change the actions and culture of everybody within the organization must change as well. There are the logistics involved in changing organizational structure. Then there is the task of changing the behavior of the employees as well. That is where the most obstacles will be found. The Heart Of Change offers a variety of experiences to highlight their theory in regards to the steps of successful change. Rooted in their theory are concepts that were discussed in class. Most of concepts that are evident in the change process theory are progressive and reflect ideas indicative of transformational leadership theory. The Heart Of Change has brought the individual concepts together and shown how they can work together to affect successful change in an organization. Reading The Heart Of Change shows how the powerful and effective the ideas that we learned about are, and how they can benefit us as we take leadership positions in our organizations.

Exploring The Chemistry Of Textiles Chemistry Essay

Exploring The Chemistry Of Textiles Chemistry Essay Textile chemistry is primarily an applied form of chemistry. It is a highly specialized field that applies the principles of the basic fields of chemistry to the understanding of textile materials and to their functional and esthetic modification into useful and desirable items. Textile materials are used in clothing, carpet, tire yarn, sewing thread, and air bags. Some textile chemists are less oriented toward manufacturing processes and more focused toward fiber technologies. The study of textile chemistry begins with the knowledge of fibers themselves-both natural and synthetic. Because synthetic fibers are such an important part of todays textile business, the field includes many who are trained as polymer chemists. The interaction between textile chemistry and materials science is also increasing. Textile chemistry includes the application of the principles of surface chemistry to cleaning processes and modifications such as dyeing and finishing. It relates organic chemistry in the synthesis and formulation of the products used in these processes. 2. is dynamic Traditionally, textile chemists have been trained to have an in-depth understanding of the structure and properties of natural and synthetic fibers, says Norman Nemerov, professor of chemistry at the Philadelphia College of Textiles and Sciences. They have also been taught the post-treatment chemistries, which impart properties such as dye ability, wash freshness, and permanent press. But today there are new demands, such as recyclability. One thing were looking at is how to make fibers degradable over time, he says. And, in a relatively new area called biotextiles, fibers are being developed for drug delivery systems, Nemorov adds. Weaving, dyeing, and finishing cloth is an ancient art, but its also a modern science, says Fred Miller, vice president of Hickory Dyeing and Winding Company. Jim Hammond, a senior research associate in nylon research and development at Dupont, comments, I often say that if I took a two-year trip around the world, my knowledge would be obsolete by the time I came back. Miller said, The field is exciting because theres still so much to know and to learn. After many years in the business, both Hammond and Miller still find their work creative and intellectually challenging. 3. Brings older technology up to date While new technology abounds, the most commonly used fibers have been around for a long time. But, chemists working with these materials are often focused on modifying them for new applications. Sushma Kitchloo, a polymer chemist at Globe Manufacturing, is responsible for new product development and troubleshoots problems associated with modification of polymers Millers expertise is in the interaction between fibers and the dyes that give them color and luster. Modifying traditional polymers requires adjusting the chemical processes for downstream functions, such as dyeing the fiber. 4. is tangible In textiles, you are working with something you can hold and feel. says Ehrhardt. The skill set for this field includes understanding process manufacturing, being familiar with physical testing of fibers, having knowledge of weaving and knitting, and understanding the evolution of a product through garment form. Specializing in the field of textile chemistry can provide opportunities for dynamic and creative applications of chemistry. A textile chemist relates knowledge of the organic structures of both fibers and the chemicals used to modify them to specific chemical, physical, and esthetic properties. The combination of the theoretical and the practical makes possible the development of the thousands of textile chemicals necessary for the production of the finished articles of commerce. Textile:- Textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw wool fibres, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands known as yarn. Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or pressing fibres together . The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile. However, there are subtle differences in these terms. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres. Fabric refers to any material made through weaving, knitting, crocheting, or bonding. Cloth refers to a finished piece of fabric that can be used for a purpose such as covering a bed. Textile Chemistry Terminology Performance fabrics offer special benefits to consumers, such as stain-repellency, wrinkle-resistance, or odor-control. New technologies are launched every year. CCRC is committed to keeping ahead of the technology curve, assuring that consumers will be satisfied with the home care of the fabrics, as well as performance. Antimicrobial Agent (AM) A chemical compound either destroys or inhibits the growth of microscopic and submicroscopic organisms. Flame Resistant (FR) The characteristic of a fabric to resist ignition and to self extinguish if ignited. Flammability The ability of a material or product to burn with a flame under specified test conditions. Hydrophilic Water loving; having a high degree of moisture absorption or attraction. Hydrophobic Water repelling; having a low degree of moisture absorption or attraction. Resiliency Ability of a fabric to return to its original shape after compressing, bending or other deformation. Reusable Protective Clothing Garments which are capable of withstanding a maintenance procedure to remove soil and other contaminants yet retain the garments protective characteristic. Stoll Curve Developed by Alice Stoll in 1960s it is used in many tests to predict the thermal protective performance of textile materials for FR apparel. It is essentially a plot of thermal energy and time predicted to cause a pain sensation, or a second degree burn, in human tissue. Waterproof Ability of a fabric to be fully resistant to penetration by water. Example: rain coat. History Late antique textile, Egyptian, now in the Dumbarton Oaks collection. The production of textiles is an important craft, whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modern manufacturing techniques. However, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods. Incans have been crafting quipus (or khipus) made of fibres either from a protein, such as spun and plied thread like wool or hair from camelids such as alpacas, llamas and camels or from a cellulose like cotton for thousands of years. Khipus are a series of knots along pieces of string. They have been believed to only have acted as a form of accounting, although new evidence conducted by Harvard professor, Gary Urton, indicates there may be more to the khipu than just numbers. Preservation of khipus found in museum and archive collections follow general textile preservation principles and practice. Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of cloth-of-gold and jewelry. Hardware cloth is a coarse weave of steel wire, used in construction. Sources and types [Traditional Romanian fabric] Textiles can be made from many materials. These materials come from four main sources: animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic. In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, and mineral sources. In the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas. The relative thickness of fibres in cloth is measured in deniers. Microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier. Animal textiles Animal textiles are commonly made from hair or fur. Wool refers to the hair of the domestic goat or sheep, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with an oil known as lanolin, which is waterproof and dirtproof. Woollen refers to a bulkier yarn produced from carded, non-parallel fibre, while worsted refers to a finer yarn which is spun from longer fibres which have been combed to be parallel. Wool is commonly used for warm clothing. Cashmere, the hair of the Indian cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African angora goat, are types of wool known for their softness. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are alpaca wool, vicuà ±a wool, llama wool, and camel hair, generally used in the production of coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets, and other warm coverings. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit. Wadmal is a coarse cloth made of wool, produced in Scandinavia, mostly 1000~1500CE. Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm. This is spun into a smooth, shiny fabric prized for its sleek texture. Silk Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fibres triangular prism-like structure which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles. Silk is also the strongest natural fiber known to man. The length of the silk fiber depends on how it has been prepared. Since the cocoon is made of one strand, if the cocoon is unwound carefully the fibers can be very long. Wool Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals of the Caprinae family, principally sheep, but the hair of certain species of other mammals such as goats, alpacas, and rabbits may also be called wool. Alpaca Alpaca fiber is that of an alpaca. It is warmer than sheeps wool and lighter in weight. It is soft, fine, glossy, and luxurious. The thickness of quality fiber is between 12-29 micrometres. Most alpaca fiber is white, but it also comes in various shades of brown and black. Angora Angora wool or Angora fiber refers to the downy coat produced by the Angora rabbit. Angora is prized for its softness, thin fibers of around 12-16 micrometres for quality fiber, and what knitters refer to as a halo (fluffiness). The fiber felts very easily. Angora fiber comes in white, black, and various shades of brown. Cashmere Cashmere wool is wool obtained from the Cashmere goat. Cashmere is characterized by its luxuriously soft fibers, with high napability and loft. In order for a natural goat fiber to be considered Cashmere, it must be under 18.5 micrometers in diameter and be at least 3.175 centimeters long. It is noted as providing a natural light-weight insulation without bulk. Fibers are highly adaptable and are easily constructed into fine or thick yarns, and light to heavy-weight fabrics. Sheeps wool Wool has two qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur: it has scales which overlap like shingles on a roof and it is crimped; in some fleeces the wool fibers have more than 20 bends per inch. Wool varies in diameter from below 17 micrometres to over 35 micrometres The finer the wool, the softer it will be, while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling. Plant textiles Grass, rush, hemp, and sisal are all used in making rope. In the first two, the entire plant is used for this purpose, while in the last two, only fibres from the plant are utilized. Coir (coconut fibre) is used in making twine, and also in floormats, doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles, and sacking. Straw and bamboo are both used to make hats. Straw, a dried form of grass, is also used for stuffing, as is kapok. Fibres from pulpwood trees, cotton, rice, hemp, and nettle are used in making paper. Cotton, flax, jute, hemp and modal are all used in clothing. Pià ±a (pineapple fibre) and ramie are also fibres used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fabrics such as cotton. Acetate is used to increase the shininess of certain fabrics such as silks, velvets, and taffetas. Seaweed is used in the production of textiles. A water-soluble fibre known as alginate is produced and is used as a holding fibre; when the cloth is finished, the alginate is dissolved, leaving an open area Tencel is a man-made fabric derived from wood pulp. It is often described as a man-made silk equivalent and is a tough fabric which is often blended with other fabrics cotton for example. Mineral textiles or vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives, transite panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets. Glass Fibre is used in the production of spacesuits, ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres. Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of cloth-of-gold and jewelry. Hardware cloth is a coarse weave of steel wire, used in construction. Synthetic textiles [A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweave cotton, velvet, printed cotton, calico, felt, satin, silk, hessian, polycotton.] All synthetic textiles are used primarily in the production of clothing. Polyester fibre is used in all types of clothing, either alone or blended with fibres such as cotton. Aramid fibre (e.g. Twaron) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection, and armor. Acrylic is a fibre used to imitate wools, including cashmere, and is often used in replacement of them. Nylon is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the production of pantyhose. Thicker nylon fibres are used in rope and outdoor clothing. Nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting equal parts of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, so that peptide bonds form at both ends of each monomer in a process analogous to polypeptide biopolymers. Chemical elements included are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. . The most common variant is nylon 6-6 which refers to the fact that the diamine (hexamethylene diamine) and the diacid (adipic acid) each donate 6 carbons to the polymer chain. Spandex (trade name Lycra) is a polyurethane fibre that stretches easily and can be made tight-fitting without impeding movement. It is used to make activewear, bras, and swimsuits. Olefin fibre is a fibre used in activewear, linings, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly. A sintered felt of olefin fibres is sold under the trade name Tyvek. Ingeo is a polylactide fibre blended with other fibres such as cotton and used in clothing. It is more hydrophilic than most other synthetics, allowing it to wick away perspiration The most common types of microfibers are made from polyesters, polyamides (nylon), and or a conjugation of polyester and polyamide.The shape, size and combinations of synthetic fibers are selected for specific characteristics, including: softness, durability, absorption, wicking abilities, water repellency, electrodynamics, and filtering capabilities. Names Characteristics Major Domestic and Industrial Uses ACETATE Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast-drying Shrink-, moth-, and mildew-resistant Apparel: Blouses, dresses, and foundation garments. lingerie, linings, shirts, slacks, sportswear. Fabrics: Brocade, crepe, double knits, faille, knitted jerseys, lace, satin, taffeta, tricot. Home Furnishings:Draperies, upholstery. Other:Cigarette filters, fiberfill for pillows, quilted products ACRYLIC Soft and warm Wool-like Retains shape Resilient Quick-drying Resistant to moths, sunlight, oil and chemicals Apparel:Dresses, infant wear, knitted garments, ski wear, socks, sportswear, sweaters. Fabrics:Fleece and pile fabrics, face fabrics in bonded fabrics, simulated furs, jerseys. Home Furnishings:Blankets. carpets, draperies, upholstery. Other:Auto tops, awnings, hand-knitting and craft yarns, industrial and geotextile fabrics. ARAMID Does not melt Highly flame-resistant High strength High resistance to stretch Maintains its shape and form at high temperatures Hot-gas filtration fabrics, protective clothing, military helmets, protective vests, structural composites for aircraft and boats, sailcloth, tires, ropes and cables, mechanical rubber goods, marine and sporting goods. MELAMINE White and dyeable Flame resistance and low thermal conductivity High heat dimensional stability Process able on standard textile equipment Fire Blocking Fabrics:Aircraft seating, fire blockers for upholstered furniture in high-risk occupancies (e.g., to meet California TB 133 requirements) Protective Clothing:Firefightersturnout gear, insulating thermal liners, knit hoods, molten metal splash apparel. NAMES CHARACTERSTICS USES NYLON Exceptionally strong Supple Abrasion-resistant Lustrous Easy to wash Resists damage from oil and many chemicals Resilient Low in moisture absorbency Apparel:Blouses, dresses, foundation garments, hosiery, lingerie and underwear, raincoats, ski and snow apparel, suits, windbreakers. Home Furnishings: Bedspreads, carpets, draperies, curtains, upholstery. Other: Air hoses, conveyor and seat belts, parachutes, racket strings, ropes and nets, sleeping bags, tarpaulins, tents, thread, tire cord, geotextiles. OLEFIN Unique wicking properties that make it very comfortable Abrasion-resistant Quick-drying Resistant to deterioration from chemicals, mildew, perspiration, rot, and weather Sensitive to heat Soil resistant Strong; very lightweight Excellent colorfastness Apparel: Pantyhose, underwear, knitted sports shirts, mens half hose, mens knitted sportswear, sweaters. Home Furnishings:Carpet and carpet backing, slipcovers, upholstery. Other:Dye nets, filter fabrics, laundry and sandbags, geotextiles, automotive interiors, cordage, doll hair, industrial sewing thread. POLYESTER Strong Resistant to stretching and shrinking Resistant to most chemicals Quick-drying Crisp and resilient when wet or dry Wrinkle- and abrasion-resistant Retains heat-set pleats and creases Easy to wash Apparel:Blouses, shirts, career apparel, childrens wear, dresses, half hose, insulated garments, ties, lingerie and underwear, permanent press garments, slacks, suits. Home Furnishings:Carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets and pillow cases. Other:Fiberfill for various products, fire hose, power belting, ropes and nets, tire cord, sail, V-belts. PBI Highly flame resistant Outstanding comfort factor combined with thermal and chemical stability properties Will not burn or melt Low shrinkage, when exposed to flame. Suitable for high-performance protective apparel such as firemens turnout coats, astronaut space suits and applications where fire resistance is important. NAMES CHARACTERISTICS USES RAYON Highly absorbent Soft and comfortable Easy to dye Versatile Good drapability Apparel: Blouses, coats, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, millinery. rainwear, slacks, sports shirts, sportswear, suits, ties, work clothes. Home Furnishings:Bedspreads, blankets, carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets, slipcovers, tablecloths, upholstery. Other: Industrial products, medical, surgical products, non-woven products, tire cord. SPANDEX Can be stretched 500 percent without breaking Can be stretched repeatedly and recover original length Light-weight Stronger and more durable than rubber Resistant to body oils Articles (where stretch is desired):Athletic apparel, bathing suits, delicate laces, foundation garments, golf jackets, ski pants, slacks, support and surgical hose. Production Methods:- Textile Manufacturing:- The manufacture of textiles is one of the oldest of human technologies. In order to make textiles, the first requirement is a source of fibre from which a yarn can be made, primarily by spinning. (Both fibre and fiber are used in this article.) The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving, which turns yarn into cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. For decoration, the process of colouring yarn or the finished material is dyeing. For more information of the various steps, see textile manufacturing.. Typical textile processing includes 4 stages: yarn formation, fabric formation, wet processing, and fabrication. The three main types of fibers include natural vegetable fibers (such as cotton, linen, jute and hemp), man-made fibers (those made artificially, but from natural raw materials such as rayon, acetate, Modal, cupro, and the more recently developed Lyocell), synthetic fibers (a subset of man-made fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals rather than arising from natural chemicals by a purely physical process) and protein based fi 1. Hand processing: yarn formation Wool Flax 2. Machine Processing: yarn formation Cotton Cotton Gin Picking Carding Combining the Slivers Spinning Plying Yucca Leaf to Rolag 3. Hand Processing- Fabric Formation Knitting Crochet Lace Weaving Loom Process 4HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Machine_processing:_fabric_formation#Machine_processing:_fabric_formation HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Machine_processing:_fabric_formation#Machine_processing:_fabric_formationMachine processing: fabric formation Knitting Lace Weaving 5HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Decoration#Decoration HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Decoration#DecorationDecoration Dyeing 5.2HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Bleaching#Bleaching HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Bleaching#BleachingBleaching 5.3HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Embroidery#Embroidery HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing#Embroidery#EmbroideryEmbroidery Textile printing Design for a hand woodblock printed textile, showing the complexity of the blocks used to make repeating patterns. Evenlode by William Morris, 1883. Evenlode block-printed fabric. Textile printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In properly printed fabrics the colour is bonded with the fiber, so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing but, whereas in dyeing proper the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one colour, in printing one or more colours are applied to it in certain parts only, and in sharply defined patterns. In printing, wooden blocks, stencils, engraved plates, rollers, or silkscreens are used to place colours on the fabric. Colourants used in printing contain dyes thickened to prevent the colour from spreading by capillary attraction beyond the limits of the pattern or design. Traditional textile printing techniques may be broadly categorised into four styles: Direct printing, in which colourants containing dyes, thickeners, and the mordants or substances necessary for fixing the colour on the cloth are printed in the desired pattern. The printing of a mordant in the desired pattern prior to dyeing cloth; the color adheres only where the mordant was printed. Resist dyeing, in which a wax or other substance is printed onto fabric which is subsequently dyed. The waxed areas do not accept the dye, leaving uncoloured patterns against a coloured ground. Discharge printing, in which a bleaching agent is printed onto previously dyed fabrics to remove some or all of the colour. Resist and discharge techniques were particularly fashionable in the 19th century, as were combination techniques in which indigo resist was used to create blue backgrounds prior to block-printing of other colours. Most modern industrialised printing uses direct printing techniques. Textile recycling Textile recycling is the method of reusing or reprocessing used clothing, fibrous material and clothing scraps from the manufacturing process. Textiles in municipal solid waste are found mainly in discarded clothing, although other sources include furniture, carpets, tires, footwear, and nondurable goods such as sheets and towels. Textiles and leather recycling categories Cotton Recycling Wool Recycling Burlap, Jute and Sisal Recycling Polyurethane Foam Recycling Polyester and Polyester Fiber Recycling Nylon and Nylon Fiber Recycling Other Synthetic Fiber Recycling Carpet Recycling Rags and Wipers Used and Recycled Bags Used Clothing Used Footwear Leather Recycling Textile Recycling Employment Statistics Year Percent of textile recovered in the U.S. 1960 2.8% 1980 6.3% 2005 15.3% Textile preservation Textile preservation refers to the processes by which textiles are cared for and maintained to be preserved from future damage. The field falls under the category of art conservation as well as library preservation, depending on the type of collection. In this case, the concept of textile preservation applies to a wide range of artifacts, including tapestries, carpets, quilts, clothing, flags and curtains, as well as objects which contain textiles, such as upholstered furniture, dolls, and accessories such as fans, parasols, gloves and hats or bonnets. Many of these artifacts require specialized care, often by a professional conservator. Treatments [Embroidered skirts by the Alfaro-Nà ¹Ãƒ ±ez family of Cochas, Peru, using traditional Peruvian embroidery production methods.] Textiles are often dyed, with fabrics available in almost every colour. Coloured designs in textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours , adding coloured stitches to finished fabric (embroidery), creating patterns by resist dyeing methods, tying off areas of cloth and dyeing the rest (tie-dye), or drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them (batik), or using various printing processes on finished fabric. Woodblock printing, still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of these dating back to at least 220CE in China. Textiles are also sometimes bleached. In this process, the original colour of the textile is removed by chemicals or exposure to sunlight, turning the textile pale or white. Textiles are sometimes finished by chemical processes to change their characteristics More recently, nanomaterials research has led to additional advancements, with companies such as Nano-Tex and NanoHorizons developing permanent treatments based on metallic nanoparticles for making textiles more resistant to things such as water, stains, wrinkles, and pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. Fabric Care Admittedly, laundry is not a beloved chore. The trick is to make clothes care fast and efficient, yet thorough. Poor care shortens the lifespan of apparel. Cutting corners in the laundry room only means spending more time in the dressing room, which wastes both time and money. Science Delivers Smarter Washers and Dryers Consumers seek a lot of performance from their appliances. They want the best possible clothing care in the least amount of time. Some people want precise control over each load, college students just want to pack as much into each load and get the chore done quickly. Engineering advancements have reduced energy and water consumption while improving clothing care from washers and dryers. CCRC studies emerging equipment technologies to evaluate their impact on fabric care and wash chemistries. Using a variety of instruments, Over by can determine what kind of finish was used on a fabric, how much was applied, the fiber content of a fabric, and the effects that these and any number of other factors might have had on a sample. More often than not, Over by can offer specific reasons for a diversity of problems. Uses Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and containers such as bags and baskets. In the household, they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, covering for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in art. In the workplace, they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Miscellaneous uses include flags, backpacks, tents, nets, cleaning devices, such as handkerchiefs; transportation devices such as balloons, kites, sails, and parachutes; strengthening in composite materials such as fibre glass and industrial geotextiles, and smaller cloths are used in washing by soaping up the cloth and washing with it rather than using just soap. Textiles used for industrial purposes, and chosen for characteristics other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g. implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), a

Ceramics - Incredible Refractory Materials :: Art

Ceramics - Incredible Refractory Materials Introduction First we will start with the definition of refractories and ceramics. Refractories and ceramics are non-metallic materials capable of maintaining physical and chemical stability at high temperatures. Refractories in modern practice are usually ceramic in nature, and are used in a wide variety of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. Wherever an industrial process involves heat in excess of 700 to 800 degrees Fahrenheit (roughly), one will find refractory material in place, either as a lining or forming the process vessel itself. Some common process vessels using refractories are; boiler combustion chambers, furnaces like the one in the foundry, incinerators, many emission control scrubbers, rotary kilns and so on. The list is by know means exhaustive. For example, Launch Pads 39A and 39B at the Kennedy Space Center are refractory lined. The shuttles themselves are lined with ceramic tiles to protect them from the heat of re-entry into earth’s atmosphere, these tiles are! unique to the shuttle, but are non-metallic and heat resistant. The Making of Refractory Materials The first step in processing ceramics is crushing of the raw materials. Crushing is usually done in a ball mill, either wet or dry. Wet crushing is more effective because it keeps the particles together and prevents the suspension of fine particles in air. The ground particles are then mixed with additives, the functions of which are one or more of the following: 1. Binder for the ceramic particles 2. Lubrication for mold release and to reduce internal friction between particles 3. Wetting agent to improve mixing 4. Plasticizer to make the mix more plastic and formable. 5. Various agents to control foaming and sintering. 6. De-flocculent to make ceramic-water suspension. De-flocculention changes the electrical charges on the clay particles so that they repel instead of attract each other. Next, it’s time to begin the casting process. The shaping process for refractories are casting plastic forming and pressing. The most common casting process is slip casting. The slip is poured into a porous mold made usually of plaster of paris. Then inverted and the remaining suspension is poured out for making hollow object much like slush casting. The part is then trimmed the mold opened and the part removed. The second process of shaping ceramics is plastic forming. We have various methods of plastic forming such as extrusion, injection molding and jiggering. Plastic forming tends to orient the layered structure of clays along the direction of material flow.

Impact of Imagery Essay -- essays papers

Impact of Imagery The use of imagery in a short story has a great deal of effect on the impact of the story. A story with effective imagery will give the reader a clear mental picture of what is happening and enhance what the writer is trying to convey to the reader. William Faulkner exhibits excellent imagery that portrays vivid illustrations in ones mind that enhances, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. The following paragraphs will demonstrate how Faulkner uses imagery to illustrate descriptive pictures of people, places and things that allow Faulkner to titillate the senses. â€Å"It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street† (287). Faulkner starts the story off with a mental picture of Emily’s house to be an old Victorian house. It is on a street that is commercializing which makes the house stand out and appear out of place. A description of Emily discloses her similarity to the house. â€Å"She looked bloated, like a body, long submerged in motionless water, and that of palled hue† (288). Faulkner describes her like this so that the reader may picture a pale, older woman, who seemingly hasn’t done much but eat, having no muscle tone, and clumps of fat more or less clinging to her body. She was sickly old woman. An even closer look at her face reveals â€Å"her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough† (288). This description enhances the mental picture of Emily even more. The overly chubby face, gives the reader a definite mental picture of an old and obese woman. Faulkne... ...uched for many years, collecting dust and fading in color. As the room is being described, the reader almost should feel as if he or she is one of the neighbors who just broke down the door. If the reader felt as if he or she was in the story, Faulkner successfully and effectively created imagery. When the writer successfully creates imagery, the reader should be able to have a clear mental picture of what is happening and feel as if they are looking through the narrator’s eyes. William Faulkner displays excellent imagery which helps the reader better understand the real meaning of the story. Faulkner’s imagery of the people, places, and things in his stories, creates a painting type image, which truly titillates the senses. Bibliography: Works Cited 1. Barnet, Sylvan. An Introduction to Literature. Eleventh Edition. Longman Inc. New York, 1997.

Literature Review on IT architecture

Literature Review Abstract The research is all about the use of information system in the organizations. There are many tools which are helpful in managing the whole organization. The business environment is getting highly competitive and many organizations are making strategies to grab the market share. A company was selected in order to understand the scenario. A conceptual frames work was developed in the mind to present the problem. The IBM organization was selected to conduct the research. Literature review presents the important theories and concepts along with the importance of he information system in organization.The introduction of the research was done by analyzing the problem which organization face because of the information. Literature suggested many systems which can improve the processes of the organizations. There are many other systems which can increase the performance infrastructure of service quality. The literature was extracted from different articles which imp roved the report. The report has many suggestions for the organizations. The study of this report can give solution to many problems which the company faced in the current scenario.The comparison was done in the later part of the report and the scenario and literature was matched in order to find loopholes in the system and to provide solution to incapability. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Literature Analysis 4 Current practice section 7 Comparison of Literature and current practice 10 Conclusion 11 References Literature 12 References Current Practice 12 Introduction Enterprise architecture is the process in which operation and structure of an organization is defined. The intention in the process is to achieve future and current objectives.One of the most agreed upon viewpoint is where business perspective, applications perspective, information perspective and technology perspective is part of the future objectives a company is likely to foresee. The use of enterprise architectur e includes properly documented processes, systems, infrastructure and applications. This assignment briefly discusses various theories of enterprise architecture particularly at the strategic level and thus explains the theory with a practical example which further glorifies the literature review.Literature Analysis The evolution of the enterprise information system and management is the core responsibility of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) of the company. The CIO information processing and decision making is aided by the technique or process known as Enterprise Architecture. A model based planning and management approach to evaluate management wise information system is called enterprise architecture. The complexity of business supporting system and its significance has been addressed in this enterprise architectural approach.The planning and problem information system is under the responsibility of the Chief Information Officer (CIO). Thus, it can be rightly stated that enter prise architecture is the best way to aid decision making of CIO (Stated et al. AAA). According to Eriksson and Pinker (2000), the importance of a good modeling framework should be emphasizes in the organization but the reason of choosing one model over the other is ambiguous. As a basic question, the model should be able to answer the questions pertaining to the reasons it is designed for.The enterprise architecture is successful in answering the question. The dilemma is to explore the probable questions the model is able to answer. In the enterprise architecture model it is possible to come across the questions of why and how of using the framework or model. In order to mitigate the risk involved, organizations can simply produce more than one model to select the most adequate one. Analysis of the enterprise architectures The decision making as followed by CIO can help in studying the architectural analysis model.The first step is to formulate scenario, the need to recognize the o ptions available to the CIO is the foremost step in order to foresee the information system of an organization. The possible future states of the company can be conjured by performing this step. The next step is to determine the criteria to decide upon; in this step criteria allow CIO to set a benchmark to evaluate different models. One of the important questions needed in setting the criteria are to find out business support, IT security and availability. In this paper, architectural theory or criteria is used to evaluate the model.After setting the criteria the next step is to analyze scenario, in which case one of the criteria is selected to evaluate both models and then so on and so forth. Stated et al. (AAA) explain that next, the firm undertakes the selection of the scenario where process selection of the model takes place on the Asia of the chosen criteria and the support offer to the decision making of CIO. Stated et al. (AAA) further elaborates stating that the birth of the enterprise architecture took place twenty years ago and designed to address two problems poor business alignment and system complexity.In poor business alignment the problem of IT system to align it with the cost is addressed. Kanji, H. And Burns, P. (2011) add that in system complexity entails the need to develop IT systems. The basic idea is to serve the organization with less cost involved but providing more value and utility. However, according to the theory of Stated et al. (AAA), the complexity and cost of these IT systems implemented in the organization have dramatically emphasized by now globally whereas the real value derived from the systems have decreased. Kanji, H. And Burns, P. 2011) stresses that the giant organizations fail to ignore such problems therefore the field of enterprise architecture is powerfully prophetic in the world today. Some methodologies of enterprise architecture are widely used in the world today however the large field makes use of mainly four me thodologies. According to Kanji and Burns (201 1), the taxonomy is given another name to the work of Coachman and is termed as the first methodology of the Enterprise architecture (EAI). Another methodology known as the Open Group Architectural Framework (TOGA) is more precisely or accurately defined as the process.The Federal Enterprise Architecture is defined as a method of creating enterprise architecture and thus also known as proscriptive methodology. The practice of architectural enterprise is known as the Gardner methodology. As articulated by Coachman (1982), the Canaan framework for enterprise is recognized s a framework which is contrary to the definition of the framework. The framework is defined as something that serves as a skeleton structure for construction. The second name given to the approach of Coachman is taxonomy and by definition it is a classification in ordered systems of organisms to give a natural relationship.The Coachman framework is in simple ways taxono my and organizing of architectural artifacts for instance models, documents and specifications. According to Coachman (1982), the enterprise manufacturing and engineering is around for more than thousand years and will remain for longer. However Kanji and Burns (2011) stress that the understanding of the process is changed with respect to time. The Canaan is the most frequently used technique in large firms due to ease of application and best responses. It is also desirable to cater for necessary complexities of the system design while Enterprise Architecture.Kanji and Burns (2011) also support the Open Group Architecture Framework (GOFF) which is which primarily used within four categories namely business architecture, application architecture, data architecture and technical architecture. The business recess to meet the desired goals is described in the business architecture. The designing of the application and their probable interaction is studied under application architecture. The access and organizing of the data store is termed under data architecture.Finally technical structure talks about the hardware and software to cater for application and access (Stated et al. , 2004). Kanji and Burns (2011) also explain the Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEE) which is done to amalgamate ubiquitous and functions under enterprise architecture. But Moms (2007) contends stating that this new methodology apparently s in the infancy stage so no noticeable work can be seen in the organization and there is not much talk about its failure. The last methodology employed in the Enterprise architecture (EAI) is Gardner.It is the practice rather than a process of an IT and research consulting organization Gardner. Literature Analysis summary The Enterprise Architecture is more of a theory than any thing practical. Above some methodologies are stated that shows different approaches to the EAI and can be studied when considering different perspective. It can also vary with r espect to the difference in opinion or difference in practice. These four approaches may be used by Giant Corporations to address different engineering, business and manufacturing issues.The large corporations are entitled to use complex systems which necessitate such EAI methodologies. Current practice section The implementation of the architectural enterprise is not resulted from designing the software or relating it with different business units. The organization itself along with processes affected must be changed sometimes in order to show flexibility and competency in the business functions. IBM has used EAI model in the multi-brand enterprise and multi divisional enterprise. The purpose of this model is to enhance the debate and sharing among the top executives within organization.It is also designed to reach at a common goal by ignoring most of the differences and reaching to the potential outcome. The global system practices are avoided by the corporations if the intended o utcome is local profit and loss only. In multi-local enterprises where P&L are regarded as the parameters to measure performance and that other performance measure are nonexistent. In this way two avenues left open for such kind of EAI. The first that change in the incentive system is needed to address the issue. In this way enterprise sharing of resource or enterprise integration can be enhanced which was much needed at MOM.The EAI system as employed in the IBM is based on four consenting I. E. Shared identity and purpose, common bonds of performance, shared knowledge and shared infrastructure. These elements when used together can help in integrating the organization with its functions (Gravesend, 2012). Figure 1 . Four factors necessary for integrating the organization Source: Adapted from Shoal S. And Grafton L. â€Å"Integrating the Enterprise. † MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall 2002, and Well P. , Suburban's M. , and Broadband M. IT Infrastructure for Strategic Agility . MIT Center for Information Systems Research Working Paper No. 329, April 2002 The CIO organization or IBM business transmission integrates all the business units across geographies and transform strategic business priorities into initiatives of transformation. The company is entitled for maintaining IT Landscape as per the strategic roadman provided. According to Gravesend (2012), any organization does require strategic planning. It provides them the leverage to enhance their capabilities and gives them a direction. There are many aspects of planning which collectively make a strategic plan.Strategic planning helps keep focus on the area that is most responsible for boosting the profit levels and overall performance of organization. Since it leads organization to be focused it automatically makes organization polish its skills that are more required in running the business in an efficient and effective way. Innovation and new offerings are always very important for any company to increase its sales. Variety in new products is the obvious way but the manager must work on the execution of the issuance of new product because most of the times poorly executed new offering perform poorly ND they end up in big losses.The basic need to implement EAI in the organization focused on the provision of the information and successful strategies in order to feed in the data before hand. This information should be sufficient enough for both stakeholders I. E. Team designing the software as well the top managers making use of the information stored. In order to address loop holes in the system, a best- practice approach must be used in the system. The imposed system should be open to any kind of re purposing and time should be saved by doing re purposing instead of re-inventing.Secondly, it is desirable that system provides future state of the IT landscape along with existing risk and cost analysis. One way of getting growth is to take full advantage of learning curve and ut ilizing economies of scale. Learning curve makes you more efficient in your production process. It tells you how to fully utilize your resources. Economies of scales help in reduction of average cost because of factors like managerial specialization and buying power. Strategic implementation is an ongoing process of an organization's plans which they made in order to survive and to earn profit for a longer period of time.It consists of series of action plans which are integrated to each other. Strategic implementation of the plans which were proposed for the extension and growth are very vital. The long term strategy can help them create a loyal customer and to get more profitable branches which can earn profit for at least five years. The implementation of EAI is found successful in the organization and supports the business functions across geographies. The Enterprise architecture used in the IBM is supported by Coachman methodology. His model is based on the integration of the or ganization which is clearly addressed in this section (lbs., 2013).Comparison of Literature and current practice Literature has enlightened many aspects of the information which can help any organization to prosper. The problem which they are facing is that they do not use any information system which integrates the employees. They are lacking in the internal information. According to literature there are many tools which will help the organization to increase their productivity. Software like management information system, decision support system and others can help to improve the information flow within the organization.The current situation is that they are losing customers because of the service delivery time. Information system will align all the departments and will provide the information about the customer which will increase the overall flow of information. Literature suggests that internal and external flow of information is very important for all the organization. Stakeho lders must be contacted in decision making process. Decision support system integrates all the stakeholders and provides the best possible solution to any business scenario.Internal information with the organization must be improved and transaction recessing system will be helpful to record all the business transactions. It was found in literature that information and feedback from employees and customer is very important and many organizations lose their customers because of this issue. Conclusion The report provides many aspects and after analyzing the literature and the other aspect it was found that companies must include information system in their system. It was found that communication with stakeholders is very important for any organization.They are the pillar of organization and help to build the reputation of NY organization. Organizations must contact different stakeholders and must take their views about the problems they are facing. The other dimensions which were found that management information system, decision support system and other systems are enhancing the capabilities of the organization. In service industry, the most important part is service delivery and these information systems are contributing to increase the performance. Internal and external sources of information are found very important for the organizations and they help to analyze the need of customer.

Educational Entry Level for Professional Nurses

Educational Entry Level for Professional Nursing Practice The first position paper calling for baccalaureate degree as the minimum requirement for entry into professional nursing was released in 1965 by the American Nurses Association. This stimulates an ongoing frustrating debate among nurses. The Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, nursing is the largest healthcare profession with 2. 5 million jobs and is projected to generate 587,000 more jobs between 2006-2016. Despite strength in numbers nurses are the least educated of all the interdisciplinary healthcare team members with whom they collaborate. Teams consist of physicians’ pharmacists, speech pathologists, and physical and occupational therapists. Patients are living longer than expected and health care providers need the ability to think critically and provide health care services at levels never before imagined. Each of these disciplines recognized the importance of higher education to deliver appropriate patient care. The health care industry is changing rapidly. Because of advances in medicine, technology and lifesaving techniques. Patients have a better chance of surviving traumatic injury, life threatening disease processes, and delicate surgical procedures that ever before. Results of various studies suggest baccalaureate prepared nurses are more likely to demonstrate professional behaviors important to patient safety. RN’s educated at baccalaureate level or above have lower risk adjusted mortality rates and lower rates of failure to rescue. The failure to rescue relates to deaths in patients with serious complications. Nursing is a knowledge based profession. Researchers have found perceived differences that are particularly related to education. These differences are perceived to be related to nurses with bachelor’s degrees: †¢Greater critical thinking skills †¢Less task oriented †¢More professionalism †¢Stronger leadership skills †¢More focused on continuity of care and outcome †¢More focus on psychosocial components, communication and patient teaching. It is important to me for nursing to represent a credible profession that roduces the best independent critical thinking healthcare professionals that provide safe, quality patient care. It is important for nursing leaders and managers when evaluating patient outcomes as they relate to educational levels of nurses. Current research by Linda Aiken found that patient outcomes are related to educational levels of RN’s. The results of Aiken’s research also found that a 10% increase in nurses with BSN degrees caring for the patients decreased the risk of patient death and failure to rescue by 5%. Everyone in the healthcare system would benefit from improved patient outcomes. Educational mobility to the BSN level is important to positive outcomes, creation of a reliable professional identity and unity among nurses. I believe the salaries of nurses are directly tied to our educational status. More agencies should utilize the human resources departments to develop tuition reimbursement programs and promote higher education of their employees. Educational institutions should develop committees to perform research and look deeper in the nursing educational curriculum and provide surveys to obtain public opinion of nurse educational levels. A common finding from the articles addressed the fact that resources need to be redirected to support baccalaureate entry and end licensure at the associated degree and diploma levels. The on or begins in community colleges and end in four year degree granting institutions. The research included the need for funding to support community college and university collaborations. The development of an action plan for Professional Development is very important. Managers and leaders should include this process in performance improvement sessions and during coaching and counseling. Personal improvement of staff provides the promotion to a better position to assist others. Members of staff should consider returning to school, certification or credentialing, and participation on committees for educational advancement. A plan should be created to develop goals, review goals and action plans frequently, set timelines and commit to completion. Nurses must move further along the educational continuum and prepare a strong well educated workforce. RN’s are important to patient safety at any level of education and play a vital role in lowering mortality rates, preventing medical errors, and ensuring quality outcomes. Nurses with various levels of educational preparation will continue to practice for many years to come, but a decision about the future education of nurses needs to be made now. References Mark, B. , Salyer, J. , Wan, T. (2003) Professional nursing practice: impact on organizational and patient outcomes. JONA 33(4 ), 224-234. Goodin, H. ( 2004) The shortage in the united states of America: an integrative review of the literature Journal of Advanced Nursing 43 (4), 335-350. Nelson, M. (2002) Nursing practice: looking backward into the future. Online Journal of Nursing. 7 (2) 43-66.

Initial Assessment Essay

The reasoning for using Initial Assessment in my curriculum area is because the majority of students have not completed a formal education or if having done so hold little or no qualifications. The majority of the courses start at entry level therefore no qualifications’ are require, but to offer students progression on to higher levels they need to be holding or be able to achieve a level 1 in communication and application of number. This is the minimum requirement to complete an apprenticeship programme and the vast majority wish to follow the vocational route to being a ‘qualified tradesman’. Procedures Before the day of enrolment students are fore warned at the interview stage what the awarding bodies’ requirement is to do a particular course. In the case of Construction Awards Alliance they have their own assessment criteria to try a match the suitability of the student to a particular trade. However because we deliver from entry to level 2 with three bodies to keep to the assessment process standard the college format is used( booklet produced by the learning centre, attached). Hillier. J (2005 p62) states â€Å"Great care must be used with such assessment activities. Many potential learners will feel highly by being threatened by being asked to undertake a diagnostic assessment. † In my opinion as long as students are made aware that this is not a formal test the majority do not mind taking the test, provided that the reasoning behind it is explained correctly. As a tutor it is important I remember the purpose of the test as Lambert. D and Lines. D (2000 p20) state â€Å"formative assessment is undertaken so that positive achievements of a pupil can be recognised and the appropriate next step planned†. Once all the information is collated this is entered into the course/ student profile booklet, this enables me or any other tutors to look at a particular student or group qualifications and progress as they are recorded for each achievement. Personally I think that the process works well when we complete the diagnostics on line as students can not see how others are doing. Most students feel more comfortable using this method as they do not feel as much pressure as they can wear head phones if required. The whole purpose works well because as a tutor working on entry level and to a certain degree on level 1, communication and application of number can be imbedded into the practical aspects of the course. The major weakness that I feel of the assessment process is that they are not curriculum specific; aspects of application of number are not relevant to the vocational subject. As I have experienced my self and some mature students the terminology of key words has changed until we have had them explained. When using the paper versions students that struggle to read or write often do not complete enough of the booklet, for the tutor to find the true level the students capable / working at. An important aspect that is often missed is the fact that to help students there is a requirement to have extra support in place if require for individuals. If there is no support is there a need for assessment? Yes but ensure all the support is provided and available as required in a timely manner.

Question: Discounted Cash Flow

Exam 2 Part 2 Answer any EIGHT of the ten questions. Each question is worth 5 points. Return your answers to me by 11:59 PM Sunday 11 November 2012 1. A number of publicly traded firms pay no dividends yet investors are willing to buy shares in these firms. How is this possible? Does this violate our basic principle of stock valuation? Explain. Our basic principle of stock valuation is that the value of a share of stock is simply equal to the present value of all of the expected dividends on the stock.According to the dividend growth model, an asset that has no expected cash flows has a value of zero, so if investors are willing to purchase shares of stock in firms that pay no dividends, they evidently expect that the firms will begin paying dividends at some point in the future. 2. Explain why some bond investors are subject to liquidity risk, default risk, and/or taxability risk. How does each of these risks affect the yield of a bond? Liquidity problems exist in thinly traded bond s making some bonds difficult to sell at their actual value. Default risk is the likelihood the corporation will default on its bond obligations.Taxability risk reflects the fact that some bonds are taxed disadvantageously compared to others. If any of these risks exist, investors will require compensation by demanding a high yield. 3. The discussion of asset pricing in the text suggests that an investor will be indifferent between two bonds which have equal yields to maturity as long as they have equivalent default risk. Can you think of any real-world factors which might make a given investor prefer one of these bonds over the other? 4. Why do corporations issue 100-year bonds, knowing that interest rate risk is highest for very long-term bonds?How does the interest rate risk affect the issuer? Treasury bonds make great safe, long-term investments, but is there any point in Why would the Fed consider issuing a bond with a 100-year maturation, are backed by the U. S. Government and typically have a very slim risk of default. 5. The market value of an investment project should be viewed as the sum of the standard NPV and the value of managerial options. Explain three different real or managerial options that management may have, what they are, and how they would influence market value. 6. Explain the use of real and nominal discount rates in discounting cash flows.Which is used more often and why? Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a method of valuing a project, company, or asset using the concepts of the time value of money. All future cash flows are estimated and discounted to give their present values (PVs) — the sum of all future cash flows, both incoming and outgoing, is the net present value (NPV), which is taken as the value or price of the cash flows in question. Using DCF analysis to compute the NPV takes as input cash flows and a discount rate and gives as output a price; the opposite process — taking cash flows and a price and infe rring a discount rate, is called the yield.Discounted cash flow analysis is widely used in investment finance, real estate development, and corporate financial management. 7. Consider two firms with the same P/E ratio. Explain how one could be described as expensive compared to the other. 8. Explain how important a firm's growth is by creating an example of a growth and no-growth stock. 9. Everything held constant, would you rather depreciate a project with straight-line depreciation or with MACRS? 10. A local bank is contemplating opening a new branch bank in a large superstore across town from their main office.It is estimated that the new branch will generate $20,000 after expenses each month. The manager wonders if all these revenues should be considered an incremental cash flow. Given this information, explain which of the following statements is correct. A. $20,000 is generated by the new branch bank and therefore it is an incremental cash flow. B. We would first need to asses s the opportunity cost of placing a branch in a different location to answer this question. C. Some amount less than the $20,000 is incremental because of substitutionary effects. D. Some amount less than the $20,000 is incremental because of complementary effects.

Benefits and Challenges of Cloud Services

Cloud puting plays a great role in providing various advantages over the Smartphone applications and other technical advancements within the growing market place. This report is elaborating various benefits of cloud puting in this sector. Cloud puting for Smartphone-like devices apps development and growing in the marketplace Benefits of cloud puting over Smartphone applications Cloud puting provides various benefits to the field of mobile applications of the Smartphone (Chandramouli, Iorga & Chokhani, 2014). These applications make the operations and system functionalities easier with respect to the technical advancements as well as with respect to the user demands. Some of these advantages are elaborated in this report. These are explained as follows: Sharing of information : Previously the users needed improvised system architecture that is the hardware and software for sharing data and important information with the help of their mobile devices (El Amraoui & Sethom, 2016). In contrast with this fact, in the contemporary times, the users don’t need the plex architecture such as plex hardware and software for transferring their data and information. In spite of this, the cloud based smart phone applications made the system made these transfers easy and effective accordingly the contemporary scenario. Enhanced features and functionalities : New cloud applications are easy to operate the within the smart phones in order to maintain the effectiveness of the operations at present situation. In addition to this, enhanced features and functionalities of system provide more effectiveness to the users with respect to their demands and needs in the contemporary timing (Garg, Versteeg & Buyya, 2013). The technical feasibility and effective functional options provided through the cloud puting applications in the smart phones enhances the speed of operations as well as this ensures about the accuracy of the results collected from the cloud puting applications. Ease of access : Cloud provide various kinds of access to the users as this provides private, public and protected services to the users. All of these access patterns are easy to be operated by the users (Kovatsch, Lanter & Shelby, 2014). This accessing the process is not dependent on the place, time and other aspects related to the users applications. In addition to this, mostly the organization uses the private and protected features. Some cloud hosts provide the public access to their data in order to maintain its features. Broader reach of the users : Cloud features can be used globally that defines the effectiveness of the system architecture of the cloud puting approaches (Park & Kim, 2014). In addition to this, there is various other technical feasibility analysis that ensures about the effectiveness of the cloud puting over smart phone applications.   Cost effectiveness of the system architecture as well as the vendors : Now a days the cloud vendors are easily available and any organization or institute can utilize the cloud services within selective cost structure within their premises (Rodrà ­guez-Garcà ­a et al., 2014). Greentek is one application development organization that mainly deals with medical research and development aspects. In contrast with this fact, the organization wants to migrate their system architecture to the PaaS system of cloud system (Sunyaev & Schneider, 2013). In contrast with this fact, there are various challenges as well as various benefits involved in this migration process. These challenges and benefits are elaborated in this part of the report. These are given as follows: Quick Development and Testing : Greentek can easily cope up with the different configurations and developmental features of the system architecture. In addition to this, the deployment and development team of Greentek can easily operate multiple machines at different locations as per their demands (Willcocks & Lacity, 2016). In contrast with this fact the testing and other important development features can be tested with the help of PaaS application within the organization. Dynamic allocation : In accordance with the petitive market places, IT departments need the flexibility and operational excellence for implementing new application within the organization (Zhang, Cherkasova & Loo, 2015). Dynamic allocation provides effective testing opportunities and market analysis with the help of cloud application support. Increased focus for business and international entrepreneurship : The organizational heads are responsible for the effective decision makings and other important aspect involved within the system architecture of the Greentek. This aspect allows the organizational heads in solving various issues that helps them to focus on the international requirements of business (Zheng et al., 2013). In contrast with various kinds of benefits of PaaS applications, there are various challenges that are included within the Greentek. These challenges are elaborated as follows: Data security : Like other cloud puting applications, PaaS also involves various technical and data security related issues within the system architecture of Greentek. This aspect reduces the technical feasibility of the system architecture (Chandramouli, Iorga & Chokhani, 2014). The third party hosts involves various malicious codes and effective threats within the system architecture of the organization. Limited Flexibility : The PaaS solution cannot match with the IaaS applications or solutions within the organizational structures (El Amraoui & Sethom, 2016). The product of PaaS does not match in patibility with the SaaS products. This aspect also reduces the effectiveness of the system architecture in PaaS applications in Greentek. Customer Captivity : The customer captivity with the help of limited number of PaaS vendors is not enough to serve them better way (Garg, Versteeg & Buyya, 2013). This aspect also reduces the effectiveness of the system offerings of the PaaS. Problems of integration : There is various integration issues involved within the system architecture of the PaaS applications. This application can trigger the increase of plexity of the system. Greentek wants to implement the SaaS application in order to improvise their system architecture. In contrast with these facts, there are various challenges of SaaS applications and these are explained as follows: Security and privacy challenges : SaaS is nothing but the application of clod base and it involves various security and privacy threats within the system architecture within the technical domain of Greentek. This aspect is considered as one of the most effective challenges of Greentek. Hybrid IT infrastructure : SaaS is one of the most plex hybrid architecture that offers various plexities within the system architecture of Greentek. Once the organization bines its existing system architecture with the cloud applications then it b es more plex than the previous one (Kovatsch, Lanter & Shelby, 2014). Complex architecture : plex architecture is another disadvantage of the SaaS applications involved within the system architecture of the Greentek. In addition to this, the plex architecture involved within SaaS cloud set up makes the operations tough to be managed (Park & Kim, 2014). Lack of skills among employees :   Most of the time, the employee does not have proper skills and effective knowledge about the system architecture of Greentek (Rodrà ­guez-Garcà ­a et al., 2014). This aspect reduces the chances of managing the plex system architecture of Greentek. Access challenges : In contrast with various disadvantages of the SaaS, access challenge is another disadvantage of SaaS applications. Whenever any organization or system heads are using the tools of SaaS, access control b es a difficult challenge for them (Sunyaev & Schneider, 2013). Any traditional software offers various monitoring setting to the users in order access the information and data within the cloud. In contrast with this fact, the SaaS applications does not provide this controlling measures to the users in order to maintain the system architecture and various other functions. Time constraint : Time constraint is another technical disadvantage of the SaaS applications within the system architecture (Willcocks, & Lacity, 2016). As the plexity of the system architecture is increased due to the SaaS implementation process, time constraint makes the system architecture more inefficient in Greentek. Faulty integration : Faulty integration is another disadvantage of the SaaS application within Greentek. In addition to this, the accounting and sales data are not synced with the system architecture of SaaS application (Zhang, Cherkasova & Loo, 2015). This is known as the faulty integration of the SaaS application within any organization. Uploading of files and other aspects that are important to be connected may create issues during the transfer of files and data. This report is elaborating all the benefits of the cloud puting in the field of Smartphone applications in the present era. This assignment is considering Greentek, one application development organization that wants to implement SaaS within their organization. In contrast with this fact, various benefits and challenges are being elaborated in this assignment. Chandramouli, R., Iorga, M., & Chokhani, S. (2014). Cryptographic key management issues and challenges in cloud services. In  Secure Cloud puting  (pp. 1-30). Springer New York. El Amraoui, A., & Sethom, K. (2016, March). Cloudlet Softwarization for Pervasive Healthcare. In  Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), 2016 30th International Conference on  (pp. 628-632). IEEE. Garg, S. K., Versteeg, S., & Buyya, R. (2013). A framework for ranking of cloud puting services.  Future Generation puter Systems,  29(4), 1012-1023. Kovatsch, M., Lanter, M., & Shelby, Z. (2014, October). Californium: Scalable cloud services for the internet of things with coap. In  Internet of Things (IOT), 2014 International Conference on the  (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Park, E., & Kim, K. J. (2014). An integrated adoption model of mobile cloud services: exploration of key determinants and extension of technology acceptance model.  Telematics and Informatics,  31(3), 376-385. Rodrà ­guez-Garcà ­a, M. à ., Valencia-Garcà ­a, R., Garcà ­a-Sà ¡nchez, F., & Samper-Zapater, J. J. (2014). Ontology-based annotation and retrieval of services in the cloud.  Knowledge-Based Systems,  56, 15-25. Sunyaev, A., & Schneider, S. (2013). Cloud services certification. munications of the ACM,  56(2), 33-36. Willcocks, L. P., & Lacity, M. C. (Eds.). (2016).  The new IT outsourcing landscape: from innovation to cloud services. Springer. Zhang, Z., Cherkasova, L., & Loo, B. T. (2015). Exploiting cloud heterogeneity to optimize performance and cost of MapReduce processing.  ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review,  42(4), 38-50. Zheng, Z., Wu, X., Zhang, Y., Lyu, M. R., & Wang, J. (2013). QoS ranking prediction for cloud services.  IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,  24(6), 1213-1222.